What is the natural chemical process that sorts potassium and sodium ions across the semipermeable membrane surrounding the nerve cell?

The natural chemical process that sorts potassium and sodium ions across the semipermeable membrane surrounding the nerve cell is active transport. This process is essential for maintaining the resting membrane potential and is carried out primarily by the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump).

During active transport, energy is utilized to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their respective concentration gradients. Specifically, for every three sodium ions that are exchanged outside the cell, two potassium ions are brought into the cell. This creates a higher concentration of potassium inside the cell and a higher concentration of sodium outside, contributing to the electrochemical gradient crucial for nerve impulse transmission.

This active transport process is vital because it establishes and maintains the resting potential of the neuron, allowing for rapid depolarization necessary for signal conduction. Without it, the nerve cell wouldn't be properly polarized, leading to impaired signaling and communication.